青霉素和抗生素耐药性分子机制
一、抗生素发展
- 人体细胞90%是微生物,只有10%是自身细胞
肺炎克雷伯氏菌
: 对多种抗生素耐药- 英国沃尔什教授 《抗菌物和化学疗法》[1]期刊发表,关于耐药菌耐药机制的研究
- 1796 英国
爱德华 詹纳
发明牛痘 - 1879 法国
路易 巴斯德
减毒霍乱疫苗 砷凡纳明
606 只对螺旋体起作用- 1928.9.28 青霉素
二、青霉素杀菌原理
概括说:青霉素药理作用是干扰细菌细胞壁的合成
大多数细菌的细胞壁由脂质双层膜和网状肽聚糖层组成,革兰氏阳性菌会在单个膜周围形成厚厚的肽聚糖鞘,革兰氏阴性细菌通常会在两层膜之间形成一薄层肽聚糖,水不断通过渗透进入细菌细胞,在细胞膜上建立压力,肽聚糖通过为膜提供结构支持而使细胞抵抗这种压力。青霉素可防止细菌形成其肽聚糖层,导致细菌在压力下破裂。
青霉素在分子水平上的作用:肽聚糖由小分子组成,每个结构单元由连接到氨基酸短链的两个糖组成,肽桥延伸到侧面,这些糖被组装成链,然后通过肽桥交联形成坚韧的肽聚糖基质。D-丙氨酰-D-丙氨酸羧肽酶/转肽酶,也称为青霉素结合蛋白,通过在链之间产生交联来辅助肽聚糖基质的组装。青霉素抗生素通过在其活性位点与关键丝氨酸氨基酸直接键合来阻断该酶。青霉素的活性部分是β-内酰胺环,它具有化学反应活性,可以打开与活性位点丝氨酸结合的键,从而使酶失活并阻止肽聚糖基质的正确形成。在与青霉素结构相似的天然和合成抗生素中均发现了β-内酰胺环,β-内酰胺类抗生素可有效抵抗多种细菌感染。
三、抗菌药物
1. 磺胺类药物
百浪多息
2. 青霉素
青霉素对多种革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌有效,不能针对结合杆菌
3. 链霉素
治疗结合杆菌
四、抗生素耐药性
分子机制:细菌群落是生物,和其他生物一样,他们适应生存,为了保护自己免受抗生素的侵害,细菌形成了抗药性机制。例如:金黄色葡萄球菌的MRSA菌株表达了青霉素结合蛋白2a,这种蛋白已经发生了改变,不结合β-内酰胺抗生素的活性部位。细菌也可以表达特殊的β-内酰胺酶,该酶与β-内酰胺抗生素结合并破坏必不可少的β-内酰胺环,从而使该抗生素无效。
- 微生物进化繁殖速度快
- 抗药性是一种自然现象,在抗生素出现之前就已经存在
五、英文参考
Peptidoglycan is made up of small building blocks, each composed of two sugars connected to a short chain of amino acids with a peptide bridge extending to the side. These sugars are assembled into chains, which are then crosslinked via the peptide bridges to form a tough peptidoglycan matrix. The enzyme D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase/transpeptidase, also known as Penicillin-Binding Protein, assists with peptidoglycan matrix assembly by creating the crosslinks between the chains. Penicillin antibiotics block this enzyme by making a direct bond to a key serine amino acid in its active site. The active portion of penicillin is a beta-lactam ring. It is chemically reactive and opens up to form a bond to the active site serine. This inactivates the enzyme and prevents proper formation of the peptidoglycan matrix. The beta-lactam ring is found in both natural and synthetic antibiotics that are structurally similar to penicillin. Beta-lactam antibiotics are effective against many types of bacterial infections.
Bacterial communities are living things, and like any other living thing, they adapt to survive.To protect themselves from antibiotics,bacteria developed resistance mechanisms.For example, MRSA,a strain of Staphylococcus aureus, expresses Penicillin Binding Protein 2a,which has an altered active site that doesn’t bind beta-lactam antibiotics. Bacteria can also express special Beta-lactamase enzymes,which bind to beta-lactam antibiotics and break the essential beta-lactam ring,making the antibiotic ineffective.
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https://aac.asm.org/content/53/12/5046.long
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